A Manic Episode

A manic episode is characterized by a distinct period of a mood change that is either elevated (to the point of elation), expansive, or irritable. During this phase, which may last from several days through several months, the patient's behavior causes difficulties in both professional and social activities.

Symptoms of the manic phase may include:

• Decreased need for sleep
• Increased pressure of speech
• Distractibility
• Irritability
• Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
• Excessive involvement in activities that have a high risk for pain consequences that are not recognized

The patient may become frankly psychotic with delusions and hallucinations. Frequently, those experiencing a manic episode do not realize they are affected and will therefore resist any medical treatment attempt. Close friends will recognize the mood and behavior patterns as being excessive, while the casual observer may not see anything disturbing.

A Depressive Episode

A depressive phase usually lasts two weeks to many months, during which the time the patient will experience a lack of interest or pleasure in all activities. Patients may describe themselves as feeling sad or blue, devoid of motivation, or worthless. These feelings and thoughts may or may not be stated openly in front of others.

Symptoms of a depressive phase may include:

• Sleep disturbance (sleeping more or less than usual)
• Changes in appetite
• Feeling sad, worthless, or guilty without cause
• Concentration difficulties
• Thought of death and/or suicide attempts

The course of a depressive episode may vary from person to person. Symptoms may develop over a period of days or weeks, or they may occur suddenly, without warning. Sudden onset of this condition can be caused by external factors, including stress, death of a family member, or divorce. Duration of an episode will vary and depends on medical treatment employed.